Great White Shark: Anatomy, Migration & Ocean Ecology

Carcharodon carcharias, the Great White Shark, is one of the most recognizable large sharks. It occurs in temperate and subtropical waters around the world and moves between productive coastal areas and the open ocean.

A body designed for efficient swimming

The Great White has a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body, a powerful crescent-shaped tail and large pectoral fins that help control lift and direction. Its darker upper surface and lighter underside create countershading, reducing contrast when the shark is viewed from above or below.

Warmer muscles in cold water

Unlike most fishes, Great White Sharks can keep parts of their body warmer than the surrounding seawater. A countercurrent heat-exchange system helps retain heat produced by active muscles, supporting performance across a wide range of water temperatures.

Teeth that are continually replaced

Great Whites have multiple rows of triangular teeth. Teeth can be lost during normal feeding and are replaced by new ones that move forward from behind. This conveyor-like replacement system is common among sharks and ensures the animal is not dependent on a single permanent set.

Coastlines and long-distance movement

Although Great Whites are often associated with coastal waters, tagging studies have shown that individuals can make extensive migrations across open ocean. Their movements can connect feeding areas separated by thousands of kilometres and reveal a far more mobile life than their coastal image suggests.

An adaptable predator

Diet changes with age, size and location. Younger sharks consume more fishes and rays, while larger animals can also take marine mammals and other large prey. This flexible diet places the Great White among the major predators of many marine ecosystems.

From the field guide to Aves & Atlas

The shark’s clean silhouette, tall dorsal fin and powerful proportions make it a classic zoological subject. Explore the Great White Shark T-Shirt, or browse the Marine Life collection.